Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Paving the Way to Lung Cancer

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the frequently fatal pathology of respiratory tract, accounts for half a billion cases globally. COPD manifests via chronic inflammatory response to irritants, tobacco smoke. The progression from early onset advanced leads loss alveolar wall, hypertension, and fibrosis epithelium. Here, we focus on epidemiology, progression, biomarkers with particular connection lung cancer. Dissecting cellular molecular players in disease, aim shed light role smoking, which is responsible or at least more severe symptoms worse patient outcomes. We summarize conditions, as well EMT fibroblasts establishing cancer-prone microenvironment, i.e., soil ‘COPD-derived’ highlight that major health problem can be alleviated smoking cessation, diagnosis, abandonment usage biomass fuels global basis.